Which of the following capabilities does Docker utilize for isolation?

Docker leverages namespaces and cgroups for isolation, which are fundamental components of the Linux kernel.

Namespaces provide a mechanism for isolating system resources such as process IDs, user IDs, file systems, network interfaces, and inter-process communication. This ensures that processes within a Docker container cannot see or interact with processes outside of that container, creating a separate environment for each container.

Cgroups (control groups) are used to allocate resources such as CPU, memory, and disk I/O to the running processes. They limit and prioritize resource usage, ensuring that one container does not monopolize the system's resources, which maintains performance and stability across multiple containers.

Together, namespaces and cgroups provide a robust isolation framework, allowing Docker to operate efficiently and securely in running multiple containers on the same host. This isolation is crucial for running applications in a microservices architecture, where each service can function independently without interference from others.

The other options do not accurately capture the specific functionalities used by Docker for isolation. Processes and encapsulation, for instance, don't reflect the precise mechanisms of resource isolation. Similarly, isolation and aggregation, as well as volumes and networks, refer to different aspects of container management and do not describe the foundational isolation capabilities offered by namespaces and cgroups