What design pattern do web frameworks Django and Flask utilize?

Django and Flask utilize the Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern, albeit sometimes referred to with different terminologies in these frameworks. The MVC pattern is fundamental to organizing code in a way that separates concerns, making applications more scalable and maintainable.

In the case of Django, the framework implements a variation called Model-View-Template (MVT), where the Model represents the data layer, the View retrieves data from the model and presents it, and the Template handles the actual presentation of that data. This organization allows for a clear separation between data management, business logic, and user interface, which aligns with the principles of MVC.

Flask, being a microframework, follows the MVC pattern more loosely. Developers can define models, views, and controllers within a Flask application, allowing for flexibility. The use of routes and view functions serves to manage the user's interactions seamlessly, allowing complex applications to be built while keeping code well-organized.

Overall, the MVC design pattern is instrumental in enabling developers to create applications that are easier to manage, enhance, and test, which is why it is prevalent in web frameworks like Django and Flask.